Saturday, 6 January 2018

Sikala son of Wechabe: The young Bukusu Warrior with a fresh Circumcision Wound

 In the days that Bamasai Bamuruku, Basebeyi and Bakinisu raised Bukusu homesteads…

In the days that the community felt the wrath of their alien weapons…

In the days, parents waited endlessly for young herders who never returned with cattle and goats.

There was inter-tribal warfare. Having well-oiled crop cultivation and herding skills, the Bukusu were on the receiving end.  Invasions were unexpected, like the calculative sipangilisi diving down in unsuspecting binywinywi. Periodically, Barwa and Bamasai exploited the Bukusu weak defenses, breaking formation, driving huge number of animals off the cattle kraals. Occasionally, lives were lost. And yet, it was time when Bukusu Clans embraced greatly disunity, each pulling on its own… all to the joy of ferocious non-Bukusu neighboring, who lurked in thick shadowy bushes to rob the ripened.   


This is the story of Sikala. The clan of Bakiyabi has witnessed no mightier hero than the son of Wechabe. A senior, near-noble elder, Wechabe had a large flock of cattle to his name. Widely, he was considered a wealthy man, having inherited much from his father. 

Wechabe lived large, and humorously as well. Oral accounts narrate that Wechabe, the wealthy Omukiyabi kept stock of his hundreds of animals each day. Faithfully, he did it every morning as they went for the grazing fields and in the evening when they returned to the homestead.
‘Let me first smoke this roll of bang (enjaka) before I start counting!’ Wechabe would amuse the onlookers, who broke into laughter. 

But that is not all, for which Wechabe is remembered about. There was a lot of talk on his prowess in brushing his teeth. He would chew a stick (for brushing teeth), take in a huge mouthful of cow milk and start brushing teeth. His spectators (perhaps including those who had come in homestead in search of milk) would cheerfully laugh his unique antics.

Bravery of Sikala: Busiku mubufulu
As was the norm, taking care of his father’s herd was the chief responsibility of Sikala. He would walk for long distances taking the cattle for feeding along with his playmates. He is remarked as a brave boy, whose mates loved to work and play along with. 

Soon, 1888 fast approached and it was ripe time for Sikala to get enter manhood. As were custom, he prepared for his circumcision which was done to the satisfaction of his father, a wealthy man eager to keep a name in the clan. 

The ceremony was barely over, when someone caught wind of incoming Balaku invaders. Frightened messenger alleged that they toned themselves in white clay, fiercely armed with short spears and dreadful arrows and bows. But then it was too late and screams were already dampening the joyous evening. Men desperately scrambled for weapons in their huts while arguing women and children to take cover. Young initiates sought cover in their mwikombe, all except one.

The one who dared Balaku to touch in his favorite herd, his father’s cattle.

Sikala took an upper hand, ready to intervene is the abrupt, unwelcoming situation. ‘Kaba nakhama khwima khuyaywa, neyina Bilaku bino birera sisyayumba. Cha papa omundu otilakho khufwa naye.’ Sikala might have argued himself. 

 Amid the terror and panic, the bleeding Sikala made way to his father’s hut making way for his spear and shield. The young man made way for the Balaku warriors, who had struck down someone at the gate making way for his father’s hut. His circumcision pain only made him stronger. With determination and unheard-of bravery, Sikala join the defenders. He fought with fury, to salvage his people and their cows. His calling to defend his people weighed more than the bleeding wound. 

Sooner, he broke through a formation of the Barwa Balaku invaders, giving them a patriotic taste of Bukusu warfare. Behind him, lay three enemy warriors dying. A handful others seeing the fury of the young man immediately retreated. Two more groups, decided to pull back, aborting the invasion. An early death of their three kinsmen was not a good sign. Almost as abruptly as it started, the invaders pulled off, making for the bushes. 

At the end of the day, Sikala son of Wechabe was a hero! His bravely was admired and he had laid his life, bleeding, to meet the snap attack by the Baluku warriors. 

The story of Sikala resounds to that of Mwambu, eldest son of Masaaba and Namurwa many centuries ago. When the Maasai attacked the homestead of Masaaba, Mwambu, a young lad, chased the enemies as they made away with his father’s animals. He caught up with the rustlers, many miles away from his home. Instead of killing the boy, the invaders admired his bravery crowning him with a huge bull that they called ‘inkishu’. Back home, when he drove the animal back, his father jokingly nicknamed him Mukisu. The young man became Mukisu, the forefather of Bagisu of Buganda!
Shortly after Balaku invaded lukoba of Wechabe, Bukusu elders gathered. They unanimously decided to name the 1888 circumcision age set as Basawa Sikala, after the brave act of Sikala son of Wechabe.

A story is good, until another is told

……………………End…………………………….

Saturday, 30 December 2017

Omukoyi: Enjofu-Mundu





In few weeks that have passed, Akneta, others and I are seated listening to Mayi Muro, the sensational song by Wanyonyi Omukoyi. Akneta, widowed with Katupa - a veteran of the 2nd Great War, is an aged Omulukulu woman. She is a sister to Regina, my paternal grandmother. 3 minutes into the song, she asks of the song to be paused to give us a short tale of her old Omukoyi relative who had uncanny powers to turn into a real elephant! 

It was motivation enough to learn more about the famed Bakoyi clans-people and what cultural peculiarities they proclaim. 



Tracing Bakoyi Cluster

Bakoyi is a clan whose roots are traced back to Barwa in the ancient migration patterns. The ancestor of Bakoyi was a Kalenjin who was assimilated into Bukusu clanal ranks as back as the fifteenth century. In fact, it is noted that Omukoyi came into Embayi Plains, way before Bamalaba-affiliated clans such as Basakali, Bakuta, Bakhonjo Babuuya and Bayemba.

History rememberers say that Omukoyi belongs to the Banabayi Cluster. All clans under Banabayi evoke the Oath of Munyole. [This blog has extensively talked about different Bukusu clusters and oaths in other episodes. However, we shall revisit.]


The word Banabayi comes from Babaayi which is a plural of omwaayi or a herder. But, far from what it means, Banabayi are no normal herders. They played a special role of ‘herding’ people. They were tasked with looking after their clansmen and those from other clans. After setting up a homestead, in a new area, for example, Banabayi were invited for thanksgiving. They would stick their spear into the ground, scoop a lump of soil and hold it skywards asking Khakaba to bless their stay of new beginning. 

And such Omwanamwayi would be from the clan of Omuyaya, Omusombi, Omusekese, Omusichongoli, Omutecho, Omusime, Omukangala, Omuleyi, Omuliisa, Omuyiitu or Omukoyi- who share a common ancestry. 


Since then, Bakoyi have produced good leaders- babaayi be babandu. While Bakoyi were not traditionally a militarized clan such as Batukwiika taking active role in war, they formed good judges. In communities, they argued for peace, being quick to unite when cracks emerged. An Omukoyi tribesman or woman was valued in face of Khakaba and whatever they blessed did not wither. Khakaba blessed livestock, gave immense health to clansmen and every warriors prior to war. 


But, it was not the ‘herding’ attribute that has popularized Bakoyi in Bukusu culture; it is another trait- the love for the African elephant (Enjoli/Enjofu).




Swells into an Elephant when Provoked

In her youthful days, my grandmother’s sister narrates an ordeal in which she had a confrontation with an Omukoyi. She calls that she were not too young, about the marriageable age. Omukoyi warned her not to push him further or she will regret. Out of sheer persistence (she was on the wrong) Agneta pressed the conflict further. He then warned, telling her to meet him in the back of the hut. 


Alas! Akneta could not believe it! On doing a told, she met face to face with a full grown elephant, staring at her with rage. Momentarily she had been blinded by wits from her Omukoyi relative. She was hit with fear, temporarily paralyzed, not even a grain of energy to give a scream. Abruptly, she took off, never again to engage a quarrel with him and never again to see the elephant in their homestead. 


While a reader cannot make sense of what transpired, Akneta cannot me convinced otherwise. She had seen first-hand Bakoyi wits and witnessed their ability to conjure elephants.  


Indeed, Omukoyi is an elephant-man!






Omukoyi: Omusolosi we Enjoli

While other clans are gifted with other powers such as circumcision, rainmaking, royalty, and giving public lectures, Omukoyi was gifted by the power of conjuring the elephants.   Along with Barefu and Bakamukong’i, Bakoyi had close ties to elephants, back in the days in which the massive animals roamed the lands. 



Consulted sources cannot give an exact account of how the Omukoyi-elephant relationship unfolded. Perhaps they used the mammals to commit their ancestral wits, magic and trickery. Or they, relied on the animals for tusks to make tools or their fertile dug to grow arrowroots and sweet potatoes. It is also alleged that when elephants showed up in the vicinity to feast on grown crops, Bakoyi elders would be consulted to avert the gigantic beasts, soothing their heart and driving them off.


Some accounts have it that occasionally; Omukoyi herder could be spotted riding the mammals to help in control huge number of livestock being grazed. There were also gifted map-readers following elephant poop, to seek direction when lost, trail water sources and other treasures.  


Elephant behaviour and movements might have been also used to tell when to expect rains after a long dry spell. Reportedly, they could also be a source of medicine and/or gave items for use in divination (bulakusi). 


Just as Bakoyi could soften the hearts of tribesmen and women to shun fighting, resentment and conflict, Khakaba might have extended their prowess to tame the enormous beasts. Thus, to an Omukoyi clansman, an elephant was important animal. The specifics would only be known to the very elephant herders whose calming powers were admired beyond rivers and valleys. 


May the good heavens shower down blessings, we close and begin another year!



Lusimo: Enjofu  yebubwayaya sekhusia kumusanga ta

[A reckless elephant cannot grow its tusk up to maturity]

Take good care of yourself. A reckless life will limit your potentials to maturity.  

  

A story is good, until another is told



……………………End…………………………….


Monday, 25 December 2017

The Mathematics of Bukusu Genealogy: How to Trace the Ancestry of your Clan




It is December 25th and the Jewish King has been born. Tracing of Jesus’ lineage is clear; 14 generations from Abraham to David, others 14 from David to capture of Babylon and other 14 from Babylon to birth of Christ [See St Mathews 1:17].

But what do Bukusu anthropologists say about lineage of Bukusu. How did we know Mundu left Esibakala in 885AD? Or we were chased out of fertile highlands of Silikwa in dispersal wars of 950-1100 AD? Or that Mukite wa Nameme was brought forth in 1790? Or that Mango faced the knife in 1800? How can we know that Mutonyi wa Nabukelembe met his death in 1890 just as he predicted? 

 





Welcome to the Mathematics of Bukusu culture. Let’s calculate the years back into time, perhaps you can get to know the family tree of your clan!



















This Bukusu chronological analysis has been motivated by Balovera Ongacho from Nabakholo, Kakamega County who asked me for help in establishing family tree of Abakwangwachi. 

Credits: Work is based upon the works of Gunter, Were, Ogot and Makila passionate researchers for Western Kenya communities in the past century [See Ref list].

Basics of Bukusu lineage calculation
1.      Bukusu is a pertanalistic society; linage follows the males in the clan. Baseni be kumuse point to presence of 7 degrees of descent that make up consanguineous relationship in Bukusu culture. From:

  • A man (omundu)
  • One’s child (omwana) to
  • Omwichukhulu [grandson], to
  • Sisoni [great grandson],
  • Simiila [great-great grandson],
  • Sisingukhu [great-great-great grandson], and
  • Sisakha malalu [great-great-great-great grandson]


2.      From Dr. Ogot’s approach, a generation averagely lasts in the time a man is born to the birth of his first surviving child, which is approximately 27 years. (although some use circumcision sets and age groups as reference points).

It is therefore right to argue that all the 7 degrees will account for 7generations totaling to 189 years which is about 2 centuries. That is approx. 200 years.

3.      But then sisakha malalu is so weak in blood ties that often they are allowed to intermarry. It is not possible for sisala malalu to give a clear account of the life of Omundu (his first ancestor).

In fact Bukusu anthropologists believe that in preserving oral tradition, it will take the 200 years (7 generations) and another 200 years for serious historical gaps to occur. It means that in a span of 400 years, a person begins to get mixed in oral heritage.

For example, little is remembered about Mundu (descendant of Mubukusu) but it is generally known he had a family of his own and lived among other people.


Sioka, Malaba and Mukhobe                                                                              
Sioka, Omulako, was a great Bukusu leader during the early migration days.  After Walumoli died, Sioka assumed community leadership from Kukumayi up to Esilangilile. 

Malaba and Mukhobe were two Bukusu ancestors known for good deeds. There were remembered on for innumerable years. Out of their good deeds, they came to be enjoined in Bukusu Holy Trinity, as subordinate gods to Khakaba himself; Wele Khakaba, Wele Mukhobe and Wele Malaba (or Mung’oma).

So, for Sioka’s relationship to fade with Mubukusu, it took around 200 years, for Malaba’s memory to fade it took another 200 years and the same for Mukhobe. In total, there are 6 centuries (about 600 years) between Mukhobe and Mubukusu.

Lineage of Bayemba Bakhayama
I could use my Bayitu lineage, but I am unable to trace beyond four generations. As I continue to dig up my ancestry, I find a ready example in the clan of Bayemba. I will rely on the exhaustive work of University of Lesotho-schooled Makila whose work was greatly shaped by counsel of reputable Bukusu elders like;

  • The Late Pascal Nabwana of Kimilili,
  • William Wanyonyi of Endebess,
  • Nicodemus Nyaranga of Nasianda,
  • Richard Sichangi of Ndalu and
  • Peter Nasong’o of Kitale among others.

Bayemba Genealogy reveals 10 generations between Mukhobe and Wakoli, Makila’s great ancestor. Wakoli okhwa-Mukisu (already narrated under this blog) is the same who put up a well-planned resistance against Sir Fredrick Jackson of British Imperial Forces in what is popularly known as the Battle of Lumboka. 

Wakoli who recently died at a ripe age in 1912 had been circumcised in 1888. Counting backwards, Wakoli should have been born about 300 years after Mukhobe and 900 years after Mubukusu. Allowing one generation between Mubukusu and his eldest son Masaaba, we have 27 years. And again, we give one generation between Masaaba and Mundu, that is, another 27 years.
So, if Wakoli was known to be born in 1866, Mubukusu must have appeared about 927 years earlier using 1866 as the year of reference. In the same way, Masaaba lived 954 years back and Mundu 981 years. 

Now taking 1866 minus 981 years, gives A.D 885, the year that Mundu left his abode at Esibakala settling at Esirende. In the same way, we can now know that Masaaba, his son, settled in Embayi around A.D 912. In about 15 seasons later, disagreement in the house of Masaaba led to Mubukusu migrating to Silikwa highlands as Mukisu took a different direction. And the migration route was established till then came to settle in Western Kenya.

And that is how to calculate the Bukusu Lineage!

If you can trace your lineage in the clan, you can go back in time and know timelines of your great ancestors.

Lusimo: Ekitayi ya mukhosi [feasting is for one who serve]
Feasting deserves the one who labours. Enjoy to rest, after a year of hard work

Happy Holidays from Dimples Blog!
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For more info:
·         Bethwell Ogot. History of Southern Luo Vol 1 (Migration & Settlement 1500-1900AD). 1978
·         F.E Makila. An Outline History of Babukusu of Western Kenya. 1976
·         Gideon S Were. Western Kenya Historical Texts. EALB. 1976
·         Gideon S Were. A History of Abaluyia of Western Kenya
·         Gunter Wagner. The Bantu of North Kavirondo Vol 1. London: Oxford Univ Press .1949
·         Oral sources